Popp pointed out that the death rate of cancer disease did not drop over the last years, but increased significantly (Fig. 1, (1)) This indicates that main stream science follows a completely wrong direction. Popp compared these wrong steps with the attemps to find a scientific answer to the question: How high is the temperature of a gas?. If one catches the gas molecules and investigates them under the microscope, the technique may improve step by step to electron microscopy and even higher resolution microscopy. It will, however, always fail to produce any essential result concerning the temperature of the gas. This includes even a result that would inform the investigator in case his trials go into a entirely wrong direction. Tumor growth is certainly also nothing else than a collective phenomenon of the cell population. Consequently, the central questions should be focussed on the control of cell division rate rather than on molecular properties of single cells. A basic example, and at the same time the starting point, of Popp´s theory is the cell division, i.e. the mitotic figures (Fig. 2a). As it is well known, the molecular content is divided into two identical parts where the daughter cells contain always just half of the whole biomolecules without deviations, while the statistical laws require an overshoot or undershoot of , where N is the number of molecules. This would be about 105 molecules more or less in always one of the daughter cells. The fact that practically no aberration takes place can be explained only in terms of a regulating electromagnetic field that stabilizes itself by interaction with the cell(s). The electric and magnetic forces take care about the correct movement (and reactions) of all the molecules. Actually, such a field is known and can be calculated. It is the electromagnetic field within conducting and/or dielectric cavities which spreads out over the interior of a cell according to the Maxwell equations. The field pattern (local field strengths) follows the classical laws of the Maxwell equations, whereas the dynamics is subjected to quantum optics. Fig.2b displays such a spatial field pattern which has been calculated by taking account of the boundary conditions of a cell. (2). Those electromagnetic quasi-stationary electromagnetic field patterns spread over the wavelength range from at least about 200 to 800 nm (2). Table 1 displays the series of cavity resonator modes in the optical frequency range. Their superpositions fully explain the mitotic figures for stationary patterns as well as in the course of time for the temporal sequence of superpositions. The electric charges and magnetic moments of the molecules strictly follow the electric and magnetic field pattern of the corresponding cavitity resonator waves, respectively. As a consequence, the perfect spatio-temporal distribution of molecules can be understood, and it is not wrong to say that it can be understood only in this way. At the same time one has to expect that an ideal photomultiplier should register photons outside of the cell population just within this wavelength range of, say, 200 to 800 nm (3). In addition, since these field patterns represent coherent states, the probability of measuring n photons has to follow Poissonian photocount statistics p(n) = exp (-<n>) <n>n/n!. Both is true (3,4) The evidence of these "biophotons" (which are emitted as single photons by living biological cells and systems satisfying just these conditions) has been shown by Popp´s group since 1976, and has been reproduced by several other scientists working on the field of biophotonics. We will not repeat the confirmation of all these results, but like to refer to our bibliography (www.lifescientists.de/publication/bibliography1-1.htm or www.biophotonik.de).
Popp confined in Heidelberg to the aspects concerning cancer development. Since a coherent field is self-reflective, it follows laws like

¶ /¶ t (n) = a n + b n²                     (equ.1),

where n are subunits of the system (i.e. photons or cells), ¶ /¶ t (n) describes the time development of n, and a and b are parameters. b must not vanish in order to keep the coherence of the system. A typical example is the correlation between biophoton emission and cell growth (Fig. 3), where b<0 provides the saturation of cell mass and inhibits overshoot of cell growth, while a>0 is necessary for cell growth stimulation. While a may refer to chaotic components, b is a collective parameter, dependend on intergrative properties of the whole cellular system. b as inhibitor of cell growth is strongly linked to the degree of the coherence of the field. Consequently, a definite loss of coherence is a necessary and sufficient condition of cancer development (5,6). The cancer problem is reduced to the investigation of b and b/a.
Actually, Schamhart et. al. and Scholz et.al.showed that the loss of the validity of equ.1 and the loss of coherence, which can be expressed in terms of b and a, is strongly correlated to the cancer growth (Fig. 4 and Fig.5, (7,8)). This correlation has the power of a causal relation, since it does not only lead to quantitative, but also to qualitative differences between "normal" cells and "tumor cells" without any exception.
As soon as we arrive at this stage, there is already a powerful strategy and tool for overcoming the malignancy of cancer development. In case the tumor tissue is available (surface tumors or tissue after operation), one may expose the tumor tissue to non-toxic agents and examine whether the biophoton emission will increase or decrease under this treatment. For the case of increase (which happens in most cases) the remedy or therapeutic trial under examinations is helpless. However, if the application of the remedy (agent) leads to a decrease of the biophoton emission, one may provide that the application results in an improvement of the state and may even heal the disease. Our experience shows that in such a case the normal cells, always being present in a real tumor, are likely to be activated to remove or suppress the tumor cells. This therapy follows just the opposite strategy from the usual tumor therapy. Instead of killing tumor cells (and the connected normal tissue), it stimulates the normal tissue for overcoming malignancy of the whole cell population, in other words to provide b<0 of equ.1. This may be a physical influence, simply improving the transparency of the tissue under examination. Obviously, the suitable remedy that has to be individually adapted to every case improves the degree of coherence within the tissue under investigation. This may happen also in the well-known cases of "spontaneous remission" of cancer.
This therapy has the disadvantage that an operation might be necessary in order to find the suitable remedy. However, Zhang and Popp (9) have shown that the loss of coherence can get measured to some degree not only by investigating the biophoton emission of the tissue or of the body (10), but also by statistical analysis of physiological parameters, i.e. resistance (or conductivity) values of the body. Coherence of regulating fields is strongly related to the log-normal distribution of physiological parameters, a fact that is well known in statistical medicine under the name of "multiplicative Gestaltungs-principle". As soon as the coherence gets lost, the log-normal distribution of conductivity values of the skin more and more turns into a Gaussian distribution. Fig. 6 shows an example. A German company developed an electrode that enables us to measure hundreds of conductivity values of the human skin in a rather short time. After suitable adjustment of the measurement values the statistical distribution is available and provides a rather reliable indicator of the degree of coherence of the field within the human body. In a non-invasive way one may follow then rather comfortably the state of disease and its development under treatment.
Just in view of new confirmation (11-13), it seems useful to follow this theoretical concept and the idea of measuring the degree of coherence of the biophoton field in a living system in order to open the door in understanding and overcoming cancer.

References:

(1) Welt am Sonntag Nr. 15, 14.04.2002, p. 37: Wissen Medizin, Krebszellen in Schach halten.
(2) F.A.Popp: In: Electromagnetic Bio-Information (F.A.Popp, G.Becker, H.L.König, and W.Peschka, eds.), Urban & Schwarzenberg, München 1979, pp. 123-149.
(3) F.A.Popp, B.Ruth, W.Bahr, J.Böhm, P.Grass, G.Grolig, M.Rattemeyer, H.G.Schmidt, and P.Wulle: Collect.Phenom.3 (1981), 187.
(4) J.J.Chang, J.Fisch, and F.A,Popp: Biophotons. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston 1998.
(5) F.A.Popp: In: Recent Advances in Biophoton Research and ist Applications (F.A. Popp, K.H.Li and Q.Gu, eds.): World Scientific, Singapore-London 19992.
(6) F.A. Popp: In: Macroscopic Quantum Coherence (E.Sassaroli, Y.Srivastava, J.Swain, and A. Widom, eds.), World Scientific, Singapore-New Jersey, pp. 130-150.
(7) D.H.J.Schamhart and R.van Wijk: In: Photon Emission from Biological Systems (B.Jezowska-Trzebiatowska, B.Kochel, J.Slawinski, and W. Strek, eds.), World Scientific, Singapore (1987), pp. 137-152.
(8) W.Scholz, U.Staszkiewicz, F.A.Popp, and W.Nagl: Cell Biophysics 13 (1988), 55-63.
(9) C.-L. Zhang and F.A.Popp: Medical Hypotheses 43 (1994), 11-16.
(10) S.Cohen and F.A.Popp: J.Photochem.Photobiol.B: Biol.40 (1997), 187-189.
(11) New Scientists Archive, Feb. 22, 2002: Body talk.
(12) F.A.Popp and Y.Yan: Phys.Lett.A 293 (2002), 93-97.
(13) F.A.Popp, J.J.Chang, A.Herzog, Z.Yan and Y.Yan: Phys. Lett. A 293 (2002), 98-102.

Fig. 1: There is a strong increase of tumor death rate since 1990 in US.

(a)

(b)

Fig.2a: An example of a mitotic figure of a cell in a definite stage. Fig.2b: The Electric Field of a TM (1,1) cavity mode provides the field strength that is necessary to establish the mitotic figure of Fig.2a.

TE mode mnp	TM mode mnp	wavelength l /nm
111		690
	010	574
112		571
	011	546
	012	481
113		462
211		438
	013	410
212		402
114		379
	110	360
213		358
011	111	353
	014	349
012	112	333.5
311		323
115		318

Table 1: Cavity Resonator Modes which are stabilized in cells. They are necessary and sufficient for displaying the spatio-temporal dynamics of mitotic figures.

Fig.3: Emission of biophotons during the growth of seedlings (left) and growth itself (right). There is a strong correlation between cell division rate and biophoton intensity according to¶ /¶ t (n) = an + bn², where a>0 and b<0.

Fig.4: While the biophoton emission drops down for normal cell populations with increasing cell density (lower curve), it increases for cancer cells (upper curve). b turns from a value <0 to one which is >0, as soon as normal cells change to cancer cells (see reference (7)).

Fig.5 While normal tissue increases the degree of coherence of the biophoton field with increasing cell density, tumor tissue decreases the degree of coherence of the biophoton field (see reference (8)). The lower curve represents normal cells, the upper curve tumor cells. The ordinate displays a measured value, representing the deviation from ideal coherence, the abscissa the number of cells in the measuring cuvette.

(a)
(b)
Fig. 6: The distribution of the frequency of measuring definite values of skin conductivity of a healthy person (Fig 6a) and of a cancer patient (Fig.6b). While the distribution of a healthy person follows a log-normal distribution, the one of a cancer patient turns into a Gaussian distribution, reflecting the coherence and the chaotic state of the biophoton field, respectively.

Remark on equ.1).

Popp and Chang (F.A.Popp and J.J.Chang. Sci.China C 43(2000), 507) showed that by phase conjugation effect zones of destructive interference in the intercellular space and, on the other hand, zones of constructive interference in the intracellular space may be responsible for communication and organization effects in and between living organisms, including cell tissues. This means that from the energetical point of view the growth regulation origins from a balance equation (equ.2):

N (grad E) D x = E                         (equ.2),

where N is the number of cells, E the whole free electromagnetic energy and D x the thickness of the double layers between the zones of destructive and constructive interference. Grad E is ¶ E/¶ x over these zones which is responsible for the attractive force between cells.

Let us define now average values over a considerably long time interval of some minutes:

• -1/N<¶ /¶ t (grad E)/grad E> = b, where b< 0 according to the paper by Popp and Chang, since the force is attractive for increasing gradient.

• - <¶ /¶ t(D x)/D x> = a, where a>0 according to this paper since the force increases with decreasing thickness of the double layer.

Then a straight-forward calculation of ¶ /¶ t (N (gradE) D x) = (¶ /¶ t E) = 0 leads to the growth equation:

¶ /¶ t N = aN + bN²

This equation shows that from the energetical point of view cancer develops for b³ 0 which means that the energy is not transportable into the cancer tissue. Cancer is then a problem of energy distribution, transparency and coherence rather than of a causal energy deficiency. At the same time one has to consider that by the lack of coherent electromagnetic energy the repair and communication system between cells gets damaged.