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1 Introduction 2 Preliminary Remarks on the Biological Situation 3 Evidence of the Coherence of Biophotons 4 Biological Implications 5 Conclusions

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5 Conclusions

There is evidence that biophotons originate from an almost fully coherent field. Deviations from coherence can be assigned to biological aberrations.

However, even from a physical point of view a variety of problems awaits better solutions. A great deal of work has to be done in order to reveal the molecular basis of biophoton emission. Not only have possible sources such as exciplex states of DNA to be investigated, but also the stabilization criteria of coherent states under the different biological and physiological conditions.

A lot of future work has to be devoted to the question of "squeezed light" which may be involved in biophoton emission. ^{2, 12}

Since destructive interference in the intercellular space and constructive interference in the intracellular space is likely to be the most important mechanism of biological organization, one has to give an answer to the question of how a cell, working on phase information, is able to react to external light in such a way that it performs constructive interference inside at the cost of destructive interference on the outside. We like to note here that this mechanism may be the reason for photon-suction which is observed for instance in sunflowers which are able to turn the flowers perpendicular to direction ot the sunray momentum. We propose a mechanism which is based on the

identity of D(0) - ½ (D(A)+D(-A)) for coherent states which means that the displacement operator D(0) of the vacuum state is not just the geometric, but also the arithmetic mean of displacements operators of opposite wave amplitudes A and -A. This is at the same time a sufficient condition for coherence as well as the reason why excited coherent states relax according to an hyperbolic function.¹⁵

A further field concerns the technical improvement of the instruments. The signal/noise-ratio has to be considerably improved while maintaining the high sensitivity. Future biophoton analysis will be based on measurements of the spectral intensities of biophoton emission as well as of delayed luminescence after definite excitation by electromagnetic radiation (including light) and ultrasound. Also the temperature response of biophoton emission contains valuable information of the living matter under study. The analysis will be extented more and more to the normalized factorial moments and to the relaxation dynamics under different conditions.

,,Biophotonics" covers already a wide field of applications, i.e. basic biological research,²³ food quality control, cancer research, ^{4, 26} pharmacology,²⁷ health prophylaxis including whole-body counting of biophotons.²⁸ The techniques in all these fields can be considerably improved in order to develop biophotonics into one of the most powerful non-invasive tools of investigating life with light.

References:

1. F. A. Popp et al., Experientia 44, 543 (1988).
2. F. A. Popp et al., Recent Advances in Biophoton Research and its Applications, eds. F. A. Popp et al., (World Scientific, Singapore, 1992).
3. F. A. Popp et al., Mod. Phys. Lett. B 8, 1269 (1994).
4. F. A. Popp, Biophotonen - Ein neuer Weg zur Lösung des Krebsproblems (Verlag für Medizin Dr. Ewald Fischer, Heidelberg, 1976).
5. A. I. Zhuravlev, Trans soc. Naturalists 39 (Nauka, Moscow 1972) (Russian).
6. H. Seliger in Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence, eds. M. J. Cormier et al. (Plenum Press, New York 1973), pp. 461-478.
7. H. H. Eyring, J. Chem. Phys. 3, 107 (1935).
8. G. Cilento in Chemical and Biological Generation of Excited States, eds. W. Adam and G. Cilento (Academic Press, New York, 1982).
9. A. L. Lehninger, Biochemie (Verlag Chemie, Weinheirn, 1975), p. 156.
10. J. Perina, Coherence of Light (D.Reidel P.C., Dordrecht, 1971).
11. F A. Popp et al., Coll. Phenomena 3, 187 (1983).
12. J. J. Chang et al, Biophotons (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, in press).
13. F. A. Popp et al, Experientia 44, 579 (1988).
14. F. A. Popp in Disequilibrium and Self-Organisation, ed. C. Kilmister (D. Reidel P.C., Dordrecht 1986),
15. F. A. Popp and K. H. Li, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 32, 1573 (1993),
16. M. Rattemeyer et al., Naturwissenschaften 68, 572 (1981).
17. W. B. Chwirot, J. Pl. Physiol. 122, 81 (1986)
18. R. H. Dicke, Phys. Rev. 93, 99 (1954).
19. F. A. Popp et al., Cell Biophys. 6, 33 (1984).
20. M. Galle et al, Experientia 47, 457 (1991).
21. D. H. J. Schamhart and R.van Wijk in Photon Emission from Biological Systems, eds. B. Jezowska-Trzebiatowska (World Scientific, Singapore, 1987), pp, 137-152.
22. W. Scholz et al., Cell Biophysics 13, 55 (1988)
23. T. Makino et al., Photochem. Photobiol. 64, 953 (1996).
24. B. Koehler et al., Deutsche Lebensmittelrundschau 3, 78 (1991).
25. F. A. Popp, Die Botschaft der Nahrung (Zweitausendeins, Frankfurt am Main, 1999).
26. F. A. Popp in Molecular Aspects of Carciogenesis, eds. E. Deutsch et al. (Thieme, Stuttgart, 1976), pp. 47-55.
27. H. Sucker, Pharm. Ind. 57, 527 (1995).
28. S. Cohen and F. A. Popp, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 40 , 187 (1997).

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